分词短语的构成和功能
并列句的化简
We are sitting by the sea. We can see the beautiful sunrise.
= We are sitting by the sea and we can see the beautiful sunrise. 并列句，连词and绝对不能换成逗号。
你要强调哪个句子，就把哪个句子作为主句，另外一个不重要的，简化为分词短语。
如果你认为前面的句子不重要。Sitting by the sea, we can see the beautiful sunrise.
如果你认为后面的句子不重要。 We are sitting by the sea seeing the beautiful sunrise.
并列句变成分词短语，我们称之为“伴随状语“，如果分词短语在主句前面一定要加上逗号，如果分词短语在主句后面，逗号可要可不要。
分词短语，其实就是简化的句子，两句主语相同时，被简化句子的主语要删除，主语不同的时候要保留。
He glanced at her scornfully and he told her the dress was sold. 主语相同
Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold.
He glanced at her scornfully telling her that the dress was sold.
We tried three new meals and the tastiest meal was the Thai dish. 主语不相同
We trying three new meals, the tastiest meal was the Thai dish.
We tried three new meals, the tastiest meal being the Thai dish.
Following in his father’s foot step many years later and Donald also set up a world record.
相当于 Donald followed in his father’s foot steps many years later and Donald also set up a world record.
Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes.
相当于 He worked rapidly in the darkness and he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes.
The channel tunnel was officially opened on March 7, 1994, finally connecting Britain to the European continent.
When it grew dark, she turned a suitcase in to a bed and put the children inside it, (and covered)/covering them with all the clothes she could find.
Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guiding/(and guide) the dead on their return journey to other world.
This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching/(and watch) the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.这是一个感人的场面，人们成群地伫立在海岸上，注视着灯笼远去，直到再也看不见为止。
若要化简的分句的动词时be动词（主系表句型或被动语态）化简为分词being，而且可以将being省略。
(being) sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charge at the drunk.相当于The bull was sensitive to criticism and the bull……
Now, (being) dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.
相当于The prisoner was dressed in a blue uniform……
Being a pop fan, she likes Jay Chou most.
原句是 She is a pop fan and she likes Jay Chou most.
进行态时be+现在分词的情况，这时候的be动词不是系动词，而是助动词，不能简化成being。
He was playing basketball and he had a good time.句子动词是play，不是was。
只能改成Playing basketball, he had a good time.
造句练习：分别用并列和分词短语造句。
1、 日本发生强烈地震，造成重大伤亡。（heavy losses）A strong earthquake took place in Japan causing heavy losses.
A strong earthquake took place in Japan and caused heavy losses.
2、 然后他跳进车里，以最快的速度把车开走了。（drive off）Then, he jumped into the car and drove off as quickly as he could.
Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could.
3、 这位女演员很开心能演这个角色，于是答应主演这部电影了。The actress very happy to play the role, and accepted the offer to star in the film.
(Being) happy to play the role, the actress accepted the offer to star in the film.
4、 然后，她拿着画板走进我的房间，同时唱着流行歌曲。Then she marched into my room with her drawing board and sang a popular song.
Then she marched into my room with her drawing board, singing a popular song.
5、 我环视了一下身旁，惊奇地发现车里就只剩下我一个乘客了。I looked around and realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.
looking around, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.
二、状语从句的化简：在时间、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、方式等状语从句中，其主语与主句的主语相同时，可简化为现在分词短语（being可省略）
Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.
相当于时间状语从句When we heard the joke, we burst out laughing.
Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time.
相当于Because the assistant didn’t realize who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time.
(Being) Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.
相当于Because he was tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.
Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.
相当于Because Mrs. Richards didn’t want to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.
相当于It rained for two weeks on end, so that it completely ruined our holiday.
She tried to explain she situation, saying ‘It’s only me’, but it was too late.
相当于结果状语从句She tried to explain she situation, so that she said ‘It’s only me’, but it was too late.
The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.泰坦尼克号拐弯很及时，紧贴着高出海面100英尺的巨大冰墙擦过去。
相当于结果状语从句The Titanic turned just in time, so that it missed the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.
Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves.
相当于Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms so that she can look for the thieves.
Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice.你的时间有限，所以不要浪费时间去过别人的生活，不要让别人的意见淹没了你内心的声音。
相当于目的状语从句Your time is limited, so don’t waste it so that you can live someone else’s life. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice.
I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides.
相当于目的状语从句 I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, so that I could make it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides.
I cross the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.
相当于方式状语从句I cross the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came the way he ran towards me.
He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.
相当于方式状语从句He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went the way they flew into the arcade.
He had very sad look on his face. He walked looking only at the ground.
相当于方式状语从句He had very sad look on his face. He walked the way he looked only at the ground.
Every morning, he left home dressed in smart black suit.
相当于方式状语从句Every morning, he left home the way he was dressed in smart black suit.
She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.
相当于方式状语从句She enjoyed herself the way she made the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.
(Being) Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.
相当于方式状语从句Though he was mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.
When, after, before, while, for, once, if, unless, though,这些副词连词引导的状语从句化简成分词短语时，可以保留这些副词连词。（before和after不能省略）
Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.好像连牛也在为他感到遗憾，因为它一直同情的看着醉汉，直到他的背影消逝，才重新将注意力转向斗牛士。
相当于时间状语从句Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before it once more turned its attention to the matador.
He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
相当于原因状语从句He was sent to prison for he failed to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
It is important that I do not despair when faced with difficulties.重要的是，当我面对困难的时候我不会绝望。
相当于时间状语从句It is important that I do not despair when I am faced with difficulties.
Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer.虽然那位警察这次有点疑心，但还是对他作了同样的回答。
相当于让步状语从句Though the policeman was a little suspicious, this time he gave him the same answer.
造句练习
1、 我没事做，所以感到很无聊。I have nothing to do, so I felt bored.
Having nothing to do, so I felt bored.
2、 你尚未满18岁，不能在便利店买烟和酒。Because you are not 18 years old yet, you can’t buy cigarettes or wine at a convenience store.
Not (being) eighteen years old yet, you can’t buy cigarettes or wine at a convenience store.
3、 因为不满意工资，很多工人罢工了。Because they are not satisfied with their wages, many workers want to strike.
Not (being) satisfied with their wages, many workers want to strike.
4、 除非收到邀请，否则你不可以参加明晚的聚会。Unless you are invited, you may not attend the party tomorrow night.
Unless (being) invited, you may not attend the party tomorrow night.
5、 虽然我们都知道真相，却保持沉默。Although we all know the truth, we remain silent.
Although knowing the truth, we all remain silent.
6、 那位渔民意识到这不是一条普通的鱼，于是千方百计不让它收到丝毫伤害。Because the fisherman realized that this fish was not ordinary fish, he made every effort not to damage it in any way.
Realizing that this fish was not ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way.
7、 当地的屠户Sam Benton 在把存款送往邮局的途中把钱包丢了。The local butcher, Sam Benton, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post-office.
The local butcher, Sam Benton, had lost his wallet while he was taking his savings to the post-office.
8、 尽管查尔斯不懂汉语，但是还是能够和我们交谈。Though Charles didn’t understand Chinese, he was able to communicate with us.
Though not understanding Chinese, Charles was able to communicate with us.
9、 这部电影深刻解释了东西方文化的差异，结果却引起了美国观众的强烈反响。The film exposes cultural differences between the East and West, so that it aroused tremendous response in American audiences.
The film exposes cultural differences between the East and West, arousing tremendous response in American audiences.
10、听到这个消息时，他们都高兴的跳了起来。Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
When they heard the news, they all jumped with joy.
一、定语从句的化简：定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可化简为现在分词短语。法则如下：删除关系代词，其后动词变成现在分词。
Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river.
相当于定语从句 Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people who rowed on the river.
Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part.
相当于定语从句 Built in 1885, it was the oldest car which took part.
I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. 我具备了戒烟者通常表现出来的所有症状：脾气暴躁和食欲旺盛。
相当于定语从句 I had all the usual symptoms of someone who give up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite.
On a recent blog, Mr. Belinda wrote about VOA’s rules demanding accuracy and objectivity.
相当于定语从句 On a recent blog, Mr. Belinda wrote about VOA’s rules which demand accuracy and objectivity.
如果定语从句是被动语态，或者主系表句型，be动词变成being后，可省略。
The ‘taxi’ is a small Swiss aeroplane (being) called a ‘Pilatus Porter‘.
The ‘taxi’ is a small Swiss aeroplane which is called a ‘Pilatus Porter’.
Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger (being) left on the bus.
Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger who was left on the bus.
Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.
Like his father, he was driving a car which is called Bluebird.
After reading an article entitled ‘cigarette smoking and your health’ I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.
After reading an article which is entitled ‘cigarette smoking and your health’ I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.
I know an actor suitable for the part.
I know an actor who is suitable for the part.
造句练习：
1、 乔治打开一个装着所有运动器材的大箱子。George opened a big box which contained all of his sports equipment.
George opened a big box containing all of his sports equipment.
2、 房主把贵重物品放在（keep）墙里边藏着的一个保险箱里。The owner of the house keeps his valuables in a safe box hidden in the wall.
The owner of the house keeps his valuables in a safe which is hidden in the wall.
3、 那边那位正在同约翰讲话的高个子男人是我的爸爸。The tall man who is talking to John over there is my father.
The tall man talking to John over there is my father.
分词短语里的逻辑主语。分词的主语和句子的主语不相同时，分词的主语必须保留。此时所形成的分词结构称为独立主格结构。
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat tied to a tree on a short length of rope in a field nearby.村里似乎无人居住，唯一的生命迹象是附近田里的一只面目可憎的黑山羊，用一截短绳拴在一棵树上。
Because our 3D television being installed, the whole family went into the living room.
独立主格结构也可由with引导，用于表示伴随状况，补充说明，具体举例等，或者表示原因。
It is possible that upon/on such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
It is possible that upon/on such an occasion a battle ensued, so that the sharks were driven away or killed.结果状语从句
A car roared past, with/the way smoke pouring from the exhaust.一辆小汽车呼啸而过，排气管冒着一团团黑烟。 方式状语从句
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, the way its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.宁静突然被打破，一辆大轿车亮着前灯，响着喇叭，呼啸着冲进了拱廊街。
独立主格结构中分词为being的时候，可以省略。
Last year, we were travelling across the channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address (being) on it into a bottle.
In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag being in their possession, both men started running through the trees.在争抢中，手提包的带断了，包落入着两个人手里。他们拔腿跑进了树林。
She returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag (being) in one hand and a long umbrella (being) in the other.第二天上午，她又来到这家商店，穿了一件裘皮大衣，一只手拎着一只手提包，另一只手拿着一把长柄伞。
I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes (being) in it and waited.我坐在一个新式的满是网眼的椅子上，等待着。
At the moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates.
并列句简化为独立主格的时候，和普通分词短语一样，重要的分词作为主语，次要的作为独立主格。
He came in and carried a book.
He came in carrying a book. 分词短语
He came in with a book (being) in his hand. 独立主格
造句练习：
1、 由于房子很小，我们得站得非常靠近。Because the house is so small, we have to stand very close together.
The room being so small, we have to stand very close together.
2、 我们昨天吃了三顿饭，最好吃的是泰国料理。We had three meals yesterday and the tastiest was the Thai dish.
We had three meals yesterday, the tastiest being the Thai dish.
3、 这个男孩经常逃学，他爸爸很生气。The boy often play truant from school and his father gets very angry.
The boy often playing truant from school, his father gets angry.
4、 宁静突然被打破，一个凶恶的家伙瞪着眼睛拿着枪（tough guy），闯进了(break into)银行。The silence was suddenly broken, when a tough guy whose eyes glared and who took a guy, broke into the bank.
The silence was suddenly broken, when a tough guy, with his eyes glaring and gun in his hand, broke into the bank.
下列几个独立主格结构已经形成固定用法（前面的主语we省略）
Frankly speaking,……坦白说
Broadly speaking,……泛泛的说
Judging from,……由……看来
Speaking of, ……说到
Considering,……考虑到
We speak frankly/Frankly speaking, it is difficult for me to understand what he is saying.
Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes.
We speak broadly and human beings may be divided into three classes.
We judges/Judging from her accent, she must be from the north.
When he was speaking of/Speaking of his lover, his eyes sparkled.
Because he considering/considering her age, the girl’s letter is very well put together.就她的年龄而论，她的信可以说是写得很好的。
分词短语的时态和语态变化，不管简化前的句子是什么时态，简化为分词短语时都是一样的Ving形式。
也就是说，不管简化前的句时是什么时，简化之后，统统不考虑其时，而只考虑其态。所以分词短语没有时，只有两种态，一般态和完成态。另外定语从句简化为分词短语以后，是绝对不能用完成态的，所以绝对没有分词的完成态作定语的情况。
以动词为do例 主动语态 被动语态
一般态 doing being done
完成态 having done having been done
Singing a song, he sat down.一般态同时发生。
Having sung a song, he sat down. 完成态，唱歌先发生。
Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.
Not having done his homework, the boy went outside to play.
Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.
造句练习（从句分词）
1.已经失败了三次，他不想再尝试了。Having been failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.
2.因为在飓风中失去了他的货物，这个船长到达港口以后面临破产（bankruptcy）Because he had lost his cargo in a hurricane, the captain faced bankruptcy after his vessel reached port.
3.接到关于地震的警告，他把小孩留在了学校。He had been warned about the earthquake, he left his child in school. =Having been warned……
（完）